Talk:Gamgweth Grammar (book): Difference between revisions

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(I'm updating this because I noticed that I was interpreting "-er" as occupational, e.g., "a killer has arrived" rather than "a killer bee".)
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= Compounds =
It's probably important to note that Verbs and Nouns in Gamgweth aren't necessarily the same, so the dictionary provided isn't very clear on whether words like "bark" implies the sound of it, or the activity. I'm assuming that most words, when not specified either way, are nouns considering how they are used in various names around Kemoria and the lack of 'verb' rules as specified in this grammar page.
== General ==
=== Greater than ===
suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| chel
| "cool"
| chel''mor''
| "cold"
|-
| zindu
| "house"
| zindu''mor''
| "manor"
|-
| sel
| "sea"
| sel''mor''
| "ocean"
|-
|
|
| ler''mor''
| "gorge"
|-
| gelv
| "cave"
| gelv''mor''
| "cavern"
|}
=== Less than ===
suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| sel
| "sea"
| sel''ban''
| "bay"
|-
| fal
| "river"
| fal''ban''
| "creek/brook"
|-
| ler''ban''
| "fissure"
|}
=== Area of type ===
remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| mod
| "tree"
| mod''ren''
| "woodland"
|-
| neflor
| "train"
| neflo''ren''
| "training ground"
|-
| nama
| "salt"
| namad''ren''
| "salt flats"
|}
=== Full of, or filled with ===
suffix -ta "full"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| crof
| "bush"
| crof''tan''
| "brush"
|-
| selban
| "bay"
| selban''ta''
| "cay"
|-
| din
| "no/not/zero"
| din''ta''
| "empty"
|-
| av
| "eye"
| av''tai''
|"stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])
|}
=== Person of type (occupation) ===
suffix -ger "person"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| tyval
| "theft"
| tyval''ger''
| "thief"
|-
| lasa
| "noble"
| lasa''ger''
| "nobleman"
|}
=== Young type of thing ===
suffix -wen "young"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| ger
| "person"
| ger''wen''
| "child"
|-
| andu
| "day"
| andu''wen''
| "morning"
|-
| lasa
| "noble"
| lasa''wen''
| "heir"
|-
| night
| "surmi"
| (inflected) sumi''wen''
| "evening"
|}
== Construables ==
=== Negative type of thing ===
suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| lort
| "plant"
| lort''isi''
| "weed"
|-
| dyr
| "animal" (construed)
| dyr''isi''
| "beast" (see dyrgelv "den")
|}
=== Time of thing ===
suffix -dor (construed "time")
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| jeol
| "ice"
| Jeol''dor''
| "Winter"
|-
| anla
| "sun"
| Anla''dor''
| "Summer"
|-
| sca
| "before" (construed)
| sca''dor''
| "prepare"
|}
== Questionables ==
* batar, dotar, hentar "left, right (dir), crossroad", hen "road"
** not sure how to interpret this...
= Inflections =
== Adjectives ==
=== Compounding nouns with adjectives ===
* Li denenshonarthe... "The warm king..." (the king warm)
* Sa li denenshon arthe. "The king is warm" (be-pres the king warm)
* Phopher li denenshona'phopher. "The dreaming king dreams" (dream the king dreaming)
=== Adjectives to Adverbs (Common -ly) ===
No inflection of the adjective, simply add to end of the sentence to modify
* (assume Heyor == 'greet (v)' from Heyo "hello")
* Heyor li denenshonchel Juli. "The cool king greets Juli"
* Heyor li denenshon Juli chel. "The king greets Juli cooly"
=== Make appearance of, make into (Common -en), suffix -(a)fi ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Modified Adjective
! New Meaning
|-
| rom
| "broad"
| romafi
| "broaden"
|-
| atila
| "gold (metal)"
| atilafi
| "golden (metal)"
|}


== Nouns ==
Possibly add, excepting for irregular verbs, that most nouns follow the following rules when verbifying them based on the following rules (there are more examples than just the ones I'm listing):
=== Verbification ===
== Noun ends in vowel+consonant: replace consonant with 'r' ==
==== If ending with a vowel, suffix -r ====
e.g., love: abues (n), abuer (v); fear: achol (n), achor (v)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| phofe
| phofe''r''
| "dream (v)"
|-
| ferse
| ferse''r''
| "sleep (v)"
|}
==== If ending with a vowel+consonant, replace consonant with -r ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| achol
| acho''r''
| "fear (v)"
|-
| abues
| abue''r''
| "love (v)"
|}
==== If ending with a double-consonant, suffix -er
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning
|-
| gweld
| gweld''er''
| "kill (v)"
|}
=== Adjectification ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun
! Meaning
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning (Adjective)
|-
| elba
| "gloom"
| elban
|"gloomy"
|}


== Verbs ==
== Noun ends in vowel: add 'r' ==
=== Nominalization ===
e.g., sleep: ferse (n), ferser (v); way/travel: hentoi (n), hentor (v)
''TODO''

=== Conjugations ===
== Noun ends in double consonant: add 'er' ==
==== Transitive Verbs ====
e.g., death/kill: gweld (n), gwelder (v)
are modified by tense

<pre>
This is harder to justify, but places where this fails are usually visible on irregular verbs such as trade(n)/trader/trade(v): meng/menger/mengur
Gweldke Juli li denenshon.
However, it's also obvious that certain nouns become personified (persons who perform the act of) by adding 'er' as well.
TV S Det DO
e.g., the trade/trader example, whereas dream(n)/dream(v)/dreamer is correctly following the rule: phofe/phofer/phoferit as described in this grammar page. So while the trade(n)/trade(v)/trader should be meng/menger/mengerit, it is irregular. This could also be seen in thief: tyvalger; it would make sense that if instead it were theft/steal/thief as tyvalg/tyvalger/tyvalgerit, but again the actual does not follow the rule stated in this grammar page.
"Juli killed the king"

(Kill-did Juli the king)
== Example rregular verbs: ==
</pre>
e.g., guard(n/v): blarstil/blar; smile(n/v): bues/bueser; trade(n/v): meng/mengur
==== Intransitive Verbs ====

are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be)
--[[User:DAEMETHEUS|DAEMETHEUS]] ([[User talk:DAEMETHEUS|talk]]) 01:03, 23 October 2016 (CDT)
<pre>
Sa Juli a'gwelder. "Juli is killing."
Cop S IV
</pre>
=== Axiliary Constructions ===
==== Progressive Examples ====
progressives using transitive verbs, you may want to use auxiliary verbs for tense
e.g., sa "be-present", sake "be-past", and saal "be-future"
===== past progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sake li denenshon a'gwelder.
| "The king was killing"
| (be-past the king killing)
|-
| Sake gaena a'gwelder.
| "They were killing"
| (be-past they killing)
|}
===== past progressive + past participle =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sake li denenshon a'sa gwelder.
| "The king was being killed"
| (be-past the king being kill)
|}
===== present progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sa li denenshon a'gwelder.
| "The king is killing"
| (be-pres the king killing)
|-
| Sa gaena agwelder.
| "They are killing"
| (be-pres they killing)
|}
===== present progressive + past participle =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sa li denenshon a'sa gwelder.
| "The king is being killed"
| (be-pres the king being kill)
|}
===== future progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Saal li denenshon a'gwelder.
| "The kill will be killing"
| (be-fut the king killing)
|-
| Saal gaena a'gwelder.
| "They will be killing"
| (be-fut they killing)
|-
| Saal gaena a'tyvar urfe naen.
| "They will be stealing all afternoon"
| (be-fut they stealing afternoon all)
|}
===== present simple =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Gwer tema Gamgweth?
| "You speak Gamgweth?"
|-
| Gwer tema Gamgweth
| "You speak Gamgweth" or imperative "(You) speak Gamgweth"
|}
Sentences without copulas are not good, because there is not a distinction between the third person present tense and the second person imperative, "(You) kill Juli."
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Gwelder Juli.
| "Juli kills" or "Kill Juli"?
|-
| Gwelder ama.
| "I kill" or "Kill me"?
|-
| Karke Juli gwelder.
| "Juli has killed" or "Have Juli killed"?
|}
In this case, the default should imply the imperative is intended, and instead use modal conjugations when describing activities
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Gwelderal Juli.
| "Juli will kill"
|-
| Gelderke Juli.
| "Juli has killed"
|}
Use of modal esar "do":
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Esar Juli gwelder.
| "Juli does kill"
|-
| Esar ama gwelder.
| "I do kill"
|-
| Esar tema gwer Gamgweth?
| "Do you speak Gamgweth?"
|-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth.
| "I do speak Gamgweth"
|}
Example With Adjective vs. Adverb:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle.
| "I do speak beautiful Gamgweth"
|-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahle.
| "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
|}
===== past simple =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Esarke Juli gwelder.
| "Juli did kill"
|}
===== future simple =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Gwelderal Juli.
| "Juli will kill"
|-
| Sa Juli hevor ri gwelder.
| "Juli is going to kill"
|}
==== Perfect Progressive Examples ====
use of kar sa "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)
===== present perfect progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king has|have been killing"
| (has-pres the king be killing)
|}
===== past perfect progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king had been killing"
| (has-past the king be killing)
|}
===== future perfect progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king will have been killing"
| (has-fut the king be killing)
|}

Revision as of 19:24, 25 October 2016

Compounds

General

Greater than

suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
chel "cool" chelmor "cold"
zindu "house" zindumor "manor"
sel "sea" selmor "ocean"
lermor "gorge"
gelv "cave" gelvmor "cavern"

Less than

suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
sel "sea" selban "bay"
fal "river" falban "creek/brook"
lerban "fissure"

Area of type

remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
mod "tree" modren "woodland"
neflor "train" nefloren "training ground"
nama "salt" namadren "salt flats"

Full of, or filled with

suffix -ta "full"

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
crof "bush" croftan "brush"
selban "bay" selbanta "cay"
din "no/not/zero" dinta "empty"
av "eye" avtai "stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])

Person of type (occupation)

suffix -ger "person"

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
tyval "theft" tyvalger "thief"
lasa "noble" lasager "nobleman"

Young type of thing

suffix -wen "young"

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
ger "person" gerwen "child"
andu "day" anduwen "morning"
lasa "noble" lasawen "heir"
night "surmi" (inflected) sumiwen "evening"

Construables

Negative type of thing

suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
lort "plant" lortisi "weed"
dyr "animal" (construed) dyrisi "beast" (see dyrgelv "den")

Time of thing

suffix -dor (construed "time")

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
jeol "ice" Jeoldor "Winter"
anla "sun" Anlador "Summer"
sca "before" (construed) scador "prepare"

Questionables

  • batar, dotar, hentar "left, right (dir), crossroad", hen "road"
    • not sure how to interpret this...

Inflections

Adjectives

Compounding nouns with adjectives

  • Li denenshonarthe... "The warm king..." (the king warm)
  • Sa li denenshon arthe. "The king is warm" (be-pres the king warm)
  • Phopher li denenshona'phopher. "The dreaming king dreams" (dream the king dreaming)

Adjectives to Adverbs (Common -ly)

No inflection of the adjective, simply add to end of the sentence to modify

  • (assume Heyor == 'greet (v)' from Heyo "hello")
  • Heyor li denenshonchel Juli. "The cool king greets Juli"
  • Heyor li denenshon Juli chel. "The king greets Juli cooly"

Make appearance of, make into (Common -en), suffix -(a)fi

Adjective Meaning Modified Adjective New Meaning
rom "broad" romafi "broaden"
atila "gold (metal)" atilafi "golden (metal)"

Nouns

Verbification

If ending with a vowel, suffix -r

Noun Modified Noun New Meaning
phofe phofer "dream (v)"
ferse ferser "sleep (v)"

If ending with a vowel+consonant, replace consonant with -r

Noun Modified Noun New Meaning
achol achor "fear (v)"
abues abuer "love (v)"

==== If ending with a double-consonant, suffix -er

Noun Modified Noun New Meaning
gweld gwelder "kill (v)"

Adjectification

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning (Adjective)
elba "gloom" elban "gloomy"

Verbs

Nominalization

TODO

Conjugations

Transitive Verbs

are modified by tense 

Gweldke Juli li  denenshon.
TV      S    Det DO
"Juli killed the king"
(Kill-did Juli the king)

Intransitive Verbs

are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be) 

Sa  Juli a'gwelder. "Juli is killing."
Cop S    IV

Axiliary Constructions

Progressive Examples

progressives using transitive verbs, you may want to use auxiliary verbs for tense e.g., sa "be-present", sake "be-past", and saal "be-future"

past progressive
Sake li denenshon a'gwelder. "The king was killing" (be-past the king killing)
Sake gaena a'gwelder. "They were killing" (be-past they killing)
past progressive + past participle
Sake li denenshon a'sa gwelder. "The king was being killed" (be-past the king being kill)
present progressive
Sa li denenshon a'gwelder. "The king is killing" (be-pres the king killing)
Sa gaena agwelder. "They are killing" (be-pres they killing)
present progressive + past participle
Sa li denenshon a'sa gwelder. "The king is being killed" (be-pres the king being kill)
future progressive
Saal li denenshon a'gwelder. "The kill will be killing" (be-fut the king killing)
Saal gaena a'gwelder. "They will be killing" (be-fut they killing)
Saal gaena a'tyvar urfe naen. "They will be stealing all afternoon" (be-fut they stealing afternoon all)
present simple
Gwer tema Gamgweth? "You speak Gamgweth?"
Gwer tema Gamgweth "You speak Gamgweth" or imperative "(You) speak Gamgweth"

Sentences without copulas are not good, because there is not a distinction between the third person present tense and the second person imperative, "(You) kill Juli."

Gwelder Juli. "Juli kills" or "Kill Juli"?
Gwelder ama. "I kill" or "Kill me"?
Karke Juli gwelder. "Juli has killed" or "Have Juli killed"?

In this case, the default should imply the imperative is intended, and instead use modal conjugations when describing activities

Gwelderal Juli. "Juli will kill"
Gelderke Juli. "Juli has killed"

Use of modal esar "do":

Esar Juli gwelder. "Juli does kill"
Esar ama gwelder. "I do kill"
Esar tema gwer Gamgweth? "Do you speak Gamgweth?"
Esar ama gwer Gamgweth. "I do speak Gamgweth"

Example With Adjective vs. Adverb:

Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle. "I do speak beautiful Gamgweth"
Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahle. "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
past simple
Esarke Juli gwelder. "Juli did kill"
future simple
Gwelderal Juli. "Juli will kill"
Sa Juli hevor ri gwelder. "Juli is going to kill"


Perfect Progressive Examples

use of kar sa "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)

present perfect progressive
kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder. have been killing" (has-pres the king be killing)
past perfect progressive
karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder. "The king had been killing" (has-past the king be killing)
future perfect progressive
karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder. "The king will have been killing" (has-fut the king be killing)
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