What Is This?
This is mean to be a discussion of a lexical analysis that complements the grammar book.
This is also intended to find out what modifications to the language should be make to clarify certain constructions whenever issues are noticed.
You will often see (construed) where there doesn't exist an explicit example of the thing and comparisons with other words were made.
Any notes with (construed, weak) means there exists only a single example and is ineffective to provide proper rules, but it was used anyways.
- Note: Cleaned up on 08DEC16 to make it more organized
- Note: Updated on 10JAN17 to include verb moods (as applicable)
Basic Structure
Assuming you already know what nouns, adjectives, verbs, and other common parts of speech, this will just describe some simple examples
Alphabet
There are 24 Common characters used in Gamgweth (by example)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
- Notice there is no example of the Common letters Q or X used (though the vocals may exist in other combinations)
Punctuation
There are 4 (or 5) special characters used punctuation and are as follows:
| Character
|
Usage
|
| .
|
end of a declarative sentence.
|
| ?
|
direct question at end of sentence
|
| ,
|
separate ideas, elements, clauses (but not to separate adjectives)
|
| ' (apostrophe)
|
indicate vocal stop (construed) between compounds where similar double consonants are paired; e.g., seord'telgi (dark green);
also used when inflecting verbs by adding -ing; e.g., gwelder (kill) -> a'gwelder (killing); may also be vocal stops
|
| !
|
(presumably) indicate emphasis in declarative or vocative sentence
|
Parts of Speech
Articles
| Definite (the)
|
Indefinite (a and an)
|
| li
|
vi
|
Prepositions
| against
|
gand
|
| as
|
ev
|
| at
|
ae
|
| by
|
ha
|
| in
|
ve
|
| inside
|
vetar (construed)
|
| of
|
ai / rae
|
| on
|
kus
|
| out
|
dilu
|
| outside
|
dilutar (construed)
|
| to
|
ri
|
Preposition Example
| ... on the volcano
|
... kus li aesker
|
| ... on the hot volcano
|
... kus li aeskerarthemor
|
Conjunctions
| and
|
ia
|
| but
|
kho
|
| nor
|
uldin (construed)
|
| or
|
ul
|
Subordinating Conjuntions
"I was so scared that I ran away" (complement)
"I use that" (noun)
"I found it useful that I had the gold already" (sub conj) [arguable]
"It is on top of that table" (adjective)
- This is meant to illustrate that these words may are not well-defined; it may be right in Common reuse the same word in different ways, but it may not be the intended usage in Gamgweth.
| how
|
lof
|
| than
|
jen
|
| that
|
padia
|
| when
|
sudu
|
| where
|
suren
|
Compound Nouns (Noun + Noun/Adjective)
Greater Type of Thing
suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| chel
|
"cool"
|
chelmor
|
"cold"
|
| zindu
|
"house"
|
zindumor
|
"manor"
|
| sel
|
"sea"
|
selmor
|
"ocean"
|
|
|
|
lermor
|
"gorge"
|
| gelv
|
"cave"
|
gelvmor
|
"cavern"
|
Lesser Type of Thing
suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| sel
|
"sea"
|
selban
|
"bay"
|
| fal
|
"river"
|
falban
|
"creek/brook"
|
|
|
|
lerban
|
"fissure"
|
Type of Area
remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| mod
|
"tree"
|
modren
|
"woodland"
|
| neflor
|
"train"
|
nefloren
|
"training ground"
|
| nama
|
"salt"
|
namadren
|
"salt flats"
|
Full of, Filled with, Surrounded by
suffix -ta "full"
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| crof
|
"bush"
|
croftan
|
"brush"
|
| selban
|
"bay"
|
selbanta
|
"cay"
|
| din
|
"no/not/zero"
|
dinta
|
"empty"
|
| av
|
"eye"
|
avtai
|
"stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])
|
Type of Person (Occupation)
suffix -ger "person"
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| tyval
|
"theft"
|
tyvalger
|
"thief"
|
| lasa
|
"noble"
|
lasager
|
"nobleman"
|
Young Type of Thing
suffix -wen "young"
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| ger
|
"person"
|
gerwen
|
"child"
|
| andu
|
"day"
|
anduwen
|
"morning"
|
| lasa
|
"noble"
|
lasawen
|
"heir"
|
| night
|
"surmi"
|
(inflected) sumiwen
|
"evening"
|
Negative Type of Thing
suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| lort
|
"plant"
|
lortisi
|
"weed"
|
| dyr
|
"animal" (construed)
|
dyrisi
|
"beast" (see dyrgelv "den")
|
Time of Thing
suffix -dor (construed "time")
| Noun
|
Meaning
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| jeol
|
"ice"
|
Jeoldor
|
"Winter"
|
| anla
|
"sun"
|
Anlador
|
"Summer"
|
| sca
|
"before" (construed)
|
scador
|
"prepare"
|
Adjectives
Basic Construction
- Normally, all adjectives follow the noun on the right
- Only the first adjective is attached to the noun (when multiple descriptors exist)
- Vocal stops can be used with apostrophes normally when consonants are grouped
Compound Rules (More Detail)
| Li denenshonarthe...
|
"The warm king..."
|
(the king warm)
|
| Li denenshon a'phopher ...
|
"The dreaming king ..."
|
(The king dreaming ...)
|
| Falban Seord'tegli
|
"Dark green brook"
|
(River-lesser dark'green)
|
Noun Adjectives, Attribute (Common: -y)
Suffix: -(i)n, drop the 'i' when suffixed to an existing vowel
| gloom (n)
|
gloomy (adj)
|
| elba
|
elban
|
| fire (n)
|
fiery (adj)
|
| aes
|
aesin (construed, weak)
|
This is important as a distinction, because words in Common can change form when created as an adjective or adverb. Just because Common does it, doesn't mean that Gamgweth requires it, but take the case of aes for fire.
How does one define "Fire" the noun adjunct differ explicitly from "Fiery" the adjective as it is clearly seen in Common?
| maor aes zaul => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Devil Fire Cat"?
|
maor aeszaul => "Fire-Devil Cat" or "Devil-Fire Cat"?
|
maoraes zaul => "Devil Fire-Cat"?
|
| maor zaul aes => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Fire Devil-Cat"?
|
maorzaul aes => "Fire Devil-Cat" or "Fiery Devil-Cat"?
|
maor zaulaes => "Fire-Devil Cat"?
|
While the distinctions may be clearer in written form, when Gamgweth is vocalized, the necessity for inflection should become apparent, yet there doesn't appear to be a general rule to assist with this process of distinguishing a noun from its adjective form. Take the difference between "the bony prince" and "the Bone Prince"; in Common, the nouns and adjectives are easy to understand.
Noun Adjectives, Pertaining To (Common: -al)
Suffix: -nth
| magic (n)
|
magical (adj)
|
| cambri
|
cambrinth
|
| nature (n)
|
natural (adj)
|
| ierna
|
iernanth (construed, weak)
|
To Make, To Become, Appearance of, Turn Into (Common: -en / en-)
Suffix: -(a)fi, (created from existing word safir == become)
| Adjective
|
Meaning
|
Modified Adjective
|
New Meaning
|
| rom
|
"broad"
|
romafi
|
"broaden"
|
| atila
|
"gold (metal)"
|
atilafi
|
"golden (construed, weak)"
|
Adverb Creation (Common: -ly)
In the example Gamgweth sentence "Aevirke ulf lasadal ia bueserke wirue", the adverb is at the end with a -ue suffix. Where wir (evil) + -ue is likely intended to mean "evilly". Thus creating the translation: "The wolf saw the lady and smiled evilly".
| evilly
|
wirue
|
(evil-ly)
|
| Gwerke sannue Juli ri li trekhalosann.
|
"Juli spoke well to the good chieftan"
|
(speak-past good-ly [well] Juli to the chieftan-good)
|
| Hentorke bolgue morue vi Juli bolg morue ve li gelvmor'seord morue.
|
"A very bad Juli very badly traveled in the very dark cave"
|
(travel-past bad-ly great-ly [very] a Juli bad very in the cave dark very)
|
- assume Heyor (greet (v)), from Heyo (hello)
| Heyor li denenshonarthe Juli.
|
"The warm king greets Juli"
|
| Heyor li denenshon Juli artheue.
|
"The king greets Juli warmly"
|
Verbification (Noun to Verb)
If ending with a vowel
Suffix: -r
| Noun
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| phofe
|
phofer
|
"dream (v)"
|
| ferse
|
ferser
|
"sleep (v)"
|
If ending with a vowel+consonant
Suffix: replace consonant with -r
| Noun
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| achol
|
achor
|
"fear (v)"
|
| abues
|
abuer
|
"love (v)"
|
If ending with a double-consonant
Suffix: -er
| Noun
|
Modified Noun
|
New Meaning
|
| gweld
|
gwelder
|
"kill (v)"
|
Verbs
Infinitives
There are no infinitves with verbs explicitly, however there is ri (to) which may suggest it is usable to create them. However, it may also be intended to be preposition only and represents the Common use of the word, not necessarily proper Gamgweth usage.
Transitive Verbs
are modified by tense
| Gweldke Juli li denenshon.
|
"Juli killed the king"
|
(Kill-did Juli the king)
|
Intransitive Verbs
are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be)
| Sa Juli a'gwelder.
|
"Juli is killing."
|
(Be Juli killing)
|
Nominalization
are verbs that have been inflected into a nouns
- e.g., Nominalize => Nominalization
Suffix: -pa, from pa (it)
Note: This is a created rule; no examples exist
| Sake taisarpa denan sanyu.
|
"His flight was divine."
|
(Be-past fly-it his divine)
|
Be and Do Specific
| Be (is/was/will be)
|
sa (be-present, is), sake (be-past, was), saal (be-future, will be)
|
| Do (do/does/did)
|
esar (do-present, does), esarke (do-past, did), esaral (do-future, will do)
|
Auxiliary Constructions (By Example)
Progressive
Past Progressive
| Sake li denenshon a'gwelder.
|
"The king was killing"
|
(be-past the king killing)
|
| Sake gaena a'gwelder.
|
"They were killing"
|
(be-past they killing)
|
Past Progressive + Past Participle
| Sake li denenshon a'sa gwelderke.
|
"The king was being killed"
|
(be-past the king being kill-past)
|
Present Progressive
| Sa li denenshon a'gwelder.
|
"The king is killing"
|
(be-pres the king killing)
|
| Sa gaena agwelder.
|
"They are killing"
|
(be-pres they killing)
|
Present Progressive + Past Participle
| Sa li denenshon a'sa gwelderke.
|
"The king is being killed"
|
(be-pres the king being kill-past)
|
Future Progressive
| Saal li denenshon a'gwelder.
|
"The king will be killing"
|
(be-fut the king killing)
|
| Saal gaena a'gwelder.
|
"They will be killing"
|
(be-fut they killing)
|
| Saal gaena a'tyvar urfe naen.
|
"They will be stealing all afternoon"
|
(be-fut they stealing afternoon all)
|
Perfect Progressive
- use of kar sa "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)
Present Perfect Progressive
| kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
|
"The king has been killing"
|
(has-pres the king be killing)
|
|-
| karfano li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king could have been killing."
| (has-pres-could the king be killing)
|}
Past Perfect Progressive
| karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
|
"The king had been killing"
|
(has-past the king be killing)
|
| karkefano li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
|
"Thing king could have been killing"
|
(has-past-could the king be killing)
|
Future Perfect Progressive
| karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
|
"The king will have been killing"
|
(has-fut the king be killing)
|
Simple
Past Simple
| Esarke Juli gwelder.
|
"Juli did kill"
|
(do-past Juli kill)
|
| Gwelderke Juli.
|
"Juli did kill" (per grammar rule)
|
(kill-past Juli)
|
Present Simple
Use modal conjugations when describing activities
| Gwelderal Juli.
|
"Juli will kill"
|
| Gelderke Juli.
|
"Juli has killed"
|
Use of modal esar (do)
| Esar Juli gwelder.
|
"Juli does kill"
|
| Esar ama gwelder.
|
"I do kill"
|
| Esar tema gwer Gamgweth?
|
"Do you speak Gamgweth?"
|
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth.
|
"I do speak Gamgweth"
|
Example With Adjective/Adverb
| Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle.
|
"I do speak beautiful Gamgweth"
|
Do-pres I speak Gamgweth-beautiful
|
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahleue.
|
"I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
|
Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful-ly
|
Future Simple
| Gwelderal Juli.
|
"Juli will kill"
|
(kill-fut Juli)
|
| Sa Juli hevor ri gwelder.
|
"Juli is going to kill"
|
(be Juli going to kill)
|
- There are no explicit infinitives, therefore it might be okay to drop the ri (to) as implied infinitive or preposition. It could also be reasonable to enjoy dropping it as informal.
Moods
Indicative
Moods based on state of realized fact/hypothesis (realis)
| Sa Juli delenshon.
|
"Juli is queen"
|
(be-pres Juli queen)
|
Subjunctive
Moods based on wanted/desired states contrary to fact/hypothesis
- Assume a suffix exists for obligatory verb like "should": -'elne
- Assume a word exists for 'give': garril [hand(n) + to + 'l']
| Sa'elne Juli delenshon.
|
"Juli should be queen"
|
(Be-oblig Juli queen)
|
| Garrir ama sa'elne Juli delenshon.
|
"I suggest Juli be* queen"
|
(Give(v) I be-pres-oblig Juli queen)
|
| Swar'elne tema.
|
"You should eat"
|
(Eat-oblig you)
|
Conditional
Moods which statements conditionally depend on fact/hypothesis rather than want/desire
- Assume a word exists for permissive verb like "may": fol
| Ce sa Juli delenshon, hevoral ama.
|
"If Juli is queen, I will go"
|
(If be Juli queen, go-will I)
|
| Hevoral ama ce sake Juli delenshon.
|
"I will go if Juli were queen"
|
(Go-will I if be-past(was) Juli queen)
|
| Safolfanoke ama aevir Juli.
|
"I *might be able* to see Juli"
|
(Be-may-can-past I see Juli)
|
| Sano ama denenshon ce sake Juli gwelderke.
|
"I would be king if Juli were killed"
|
(Be-would I king if be-was Juli kill-past)
|
| Safolke ama denenshons ce sa Juli gwelderke.
|
"I might be king if Juli is killed"
|
(Be-may-past I king if is Juli killed)
|
Imperative
Moods that demonstrates command or begging
- Assume an inflection/particle exists for commanding: -(r)o
| Fersrodin (tema).
|
"(You) (do) not sleep!"
|
(Sleep-command-neg (you))
|
| Esrodin (tema) fersel.
|
"(You) do not sleep!"
|
(Do-command-neg (you) sleep)
|
| ?Feed-o (tema) ama.
|
"(You) feed me"
|
(?Feed-command (you) me)
|
| Gweldro (tema) Juli.
|
"(You) kill Juli"
|
(Kill-command (you) Juli)
|
| Garriro (tema) kronar naen teman ri ama.
|
"Give me all your money."
|
(Give-command (you) money all your to me)
|
Optative
Moods that express wish/desire, but without necessity/dependency of realization
- Assume an inflection/particle exists for wishing: -em
| Sanrarem Juli misekaldin.
|
"May Juli live forever"
|
(Live-wish Juli end(n)-not (never; construed))
|
| Gweldremke Juli (sa).
|
"May Juli be killed"
|
(Kill-wish-past Juli (be))
|
Hortative(s)
Moods of dis/encouragement towards realization (1pl.imp; 2sg/pl.imp when ex/dehortative; 3sg/pl.imp jussive)
- Assume hortative moods always start with the verb for "let": vor (actual)
- No other conjugation
| Vor aena hevor.
|
"Let us away. (Let's go!)"
|
(Let us go)
|
| Vor aena cuir.
|
"Let's sing."
|
(Let us sing)
|
| Vordin tema esar pama.
|
"You cannot do this. (dissuasive instead of impermissive)"
"alt: Let not you do this"
|
(Let-not you do this)
|
| Vor Juli gweld.
|
"Let Juli die"
|
(Let Juli die) without a real subject, else read as indicative (You let Juli die.)
|
| Vor gaena vetar.
|
"Allow them entry."
|
(Let they inside (construed))
|
Inferential
Mood indicating a unexpected believed/unwitnessed realizations which is dubious
- Assume a word exists for the verb "swim": jaltar or jalar (construed from hen+tor and tais+ar)
- No conjugation
| Safir'mivarue Juli sake vi ?tart.
|
"Apparently Juli was a tart"
|
(Become-know-ly(apparently; construed) Juli be-past a ?tart)
|
| Jalarke Juli li aesker.
|
"Juli swam the volcano"
|
(Swim-past Juli the volcano)
|
--DAEMETHEUS (talk) 14:10, 10 January 2017 (CST)