Talk:Gamgweth Grammar (book)

What Is This?

This is mean to be a discussion of a lexical analysis that complements the grammar book. This is also intended to find out what modifications to the language should be make to clarify certain constructions whenever issues are noticed.

Basic Structure

Alphabet

There are 24 Common characters used in Gamgweth (by example)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

• Notice there is no example of the Common letters Q or X used (though the vocals may exist in other combinations)

Punctuation

There are 4 (or 5) special characters used punctuation and are as follows:

Character	Usage
.	end of a declarative sentence.
?	direct question at end of sentence
,	separate ideas, elements, clauses (but not to separate adjectives)
' (apostrophe)	indicate vocal stop (construed) between compounds where similar double consonants are paired; e.g., seord'telgi (dark green); also used when inflecting verbs by adding -ing; e.g., gwelder (kill) -> a'gwelder (killing); may also be vocal stops
!	(presumably) indicate emphasis in declarative or vocative sentence

Other Parts of Speech

Articles

Definite (the)	Indefinite (a and an)
li	vi

Prepositions

against	as	at	by	in	of	on	out of	to
gand	ev	ae	ha	ve	ai / rae	kus	diluai (construed)	ri

Conjunctions

and	but	nor	or
ia	kho	uldin (construed)	ul

Some Subordinating Conjuntions (others are already listed above)

"I was so scared that I ran away" (Sub. Conj.)

"It is on top of that table." (adjective)

• This is meant to illustrate that these words may are not well-defined; it may be right in Common reuse the same word in different ways, but it may not be the intended usage in Gamgweth.

how	than	that	when	where
lof	jen	padia	sudu	suren

Compounds

General

Greater than

suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
chel	"cool"	chelmor	"cold"
zindu	"house"	zindumor	"manor"
sel	"sea"	selmor	"ocean"
		lermor	"gorge"
gelv	"cave"	gelvmor	"cavern"

Less than

suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
sel	"sea"	selban	"bay"
fal	"river"	falban	"creek/brook"
		lerban	"fissure"

Area of type

remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
mod	"tree"	modren	"woodland"
neflor	"train"	nefloren	"training ground"
nama	"salt"	namadren	"salt flats"

Full of, or filled with

suffix -ta "full"

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
crof	"bush"	croftan	"brush"
selban	"bay"	selbanta	"cay"
din	"no/not/zero"	dinta	"empty"
av	"eye"	avtai	"stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])

Person of type (occupation)

suffix -ger "person"

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
tyval	"theft"	tyvalger	"thief"
lasa	"noble"	lasager	"nobleman"

Young type of thing

suffix -wen "young"

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
ger	"person"	gerwen	"child"
andu	"day"	anduwen	"morning"
lasa	"noble"	lasawen	"heir"
night	"surmi"	(inflected) sumiwen	"evening"

Construables

Negative type of thing

suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
lort	"plant"	lortisi	"weed"
dyr	"animal" (construed)	dyrisi	"beast" (see dyrgelv "den")

Time of thing

suffix -dor (construed "time")

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning
jeol	"ice"	Jeoldor	"Winter"
anla	"sun"	Anlador	"Summer"
sca	"before" (construed)	scador	"prepare"

Questionables

• batar, dotar, hentar "left, right (dir), crossroad", hen "road"
  • not sure how to interpret this...

Inflections

Adjectives

Compounding nouns with adjectives

Li denenshonarthe...	"The warm king..."	(the king warm)
Sa li denenshon arthe.	"The king is warm"	(be-pres the king warm)
Phopher li denenshona'phopher.	"The dreaming king dreams"	(dream the king dreaming)

Adjectives to Adverbs (Common -ly)

No inflection of the adjective, simply add to end of the sentence to modify

• (assume Heyor == 'greet (v)' from Heyo "hello")

Heyor li denenshonchel Juli.	"The cool king greets Juli"
Heyor li denenshon Juli chel.	"The king greets Juli cooly"

• There's no rule for inflecting the adjective-to-adverb with -ly, so this I guess is considered contextually appropriate in this structure (see adjective adverbs below).

Make appearance of, make into (Common -en), suffix -(a)fi

Adjective	Meaning	Modified Adjective	New Meaning
rom	"broad"	romafi	"broaden"
atila	"gold (metal)"	atilafi	"golden (metal)"

Nouns

Verbification

If ending with a vowel, suffix -r

Noun	Modified Noun	New Meaning
phofe	phofer	"dream (v)"
ferse	ferser	"sleep (v)"

If ending with a vowel+consonant, replace consonant with -r

Noun	Modified Noun	New Meaning
achol	achor	"fear (v)"
abues	abuer	"love (v)"

If ending with a double-consonant, suffix -er

Noun	Modified Noun	New Meaning
gweld	gwelder	"kill (v)"

Adjectification

Noun	Meaning	Modified Noun	New Meaning (Adjective)
elba	"gloom"	elban	"gloomy"

Verbs

There do not seem to be infinitves with verbs (via examples), however there is ri (to) which may suggest it is usable to create them. However, it may also be intended to be preposition only and represents the Common use of the word, not necessarily proper Gamgweth usage.

Nominalization

TODO

Conjugations

Transitive Verbs

are modified by tense

Gweldke Juli li  denenshon.
TV      S    Det DO
"Juli killed the king"
(Kill-did Juli the king)

Intransitive Verbs

are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be)

Sa  Juli a'gwelder. "Juli is killing."
Cop S    IV

Axiliary Constructions

Progressive Examples

progressives using transitive verbs, you may want to use auxiliary verbs for tense e.g., sa "be-present", sake "be-past", and saal "be-future"

past progressive

Sake li denenshon a'gwelder.	"The king was killing"	(be-past the king killing)
Sake gaena a'gwelder.	"They were killing"	(be-past they killing)

past progressive + past participle

Sake li denenshon a'sa gwelder.

"The king was being killed"

(be-past the king being kill)

present progressive

Sa li denenshon a'gwelder.	"The king is killing"	(be-pres the king killing)
Sa gaena agwelder.	"They are killing"	(be-pres they killing)

present progressive + past participle

Sa li denenshon a'sa gwelder.

"The king is being killed"

(be-pres the king being kill)

future progressive

Saal li denenshon a'gwelder.	"The king will be killing"	(be-fut the king killing)
Saal gaena a'gwelder.	"They will be killing"	(be-fut they killing)
Saal gaena a'tyvar urfe naen.	"They will be stealing all afternoon"	(be-fut they stealing afternoon all)

present simple

Gwer tema Gamgweth?	"You speak Gamgweth?"
Gwer tema Gamgweth	"You speak Gamgweth" or imperative "(You) speak Gamgweth"

Sentences without copulas are not good, because there is not a distinction between the third person present tense and the second person imperative, "(You) kill Juli."

Gwelder Juli.	"Juli kills" or "Kill Juli"?
Gwelder ama.	"I kill" or "Kill me"?
Karke Juli gwelder.	"Juli has killed" or "Have Juli killed"?

In this case, the default should imply the imperative is intended, and instead use modal conjugations when describing activities

Gwelderal Juli.	"Juli will kill"
Gelderke Juli.	"Juli has killed"

Use of modal esar "do":

Esar Juli gwelder.	"Juli does kill"
Esar ama gwelder.	"I do kill"
Esar tema gwer Gamgweth?	"Do you speak Gamgweth?"
Esar ama gwer Gamgweth.	"I do speak Gamgweth"

Example With Adjective vs. Adverb: This is where adverbs break down. See the following examples as to why adjective-to-adverb constructions don't necessarily work.

Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle.	"I do speak beautiful Gamgweth"	Do-pres I speak Gamgweth-beautiful
Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahle.	"I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"	Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful

• This can't necessarily go next to gwer (speak) as might an adjective for the same example way above without modals. i.e.,

Heyor li denenshon Juli chel.

"The king greets Juli cooly"

Greet the king Juli cool

• In this example, heyor (greet; construed) would have to be modified, but then would become

Heyor chel li denenshon Juli.

"Cool greets the king Juli"

Greet cool the king Juli

• The problem is that adverbs should be inflected to indicate they are indeed modifiers.

past simple

Esarke Juli gwelder.

"Juli did kill"

future simple

Gwelderal Juli.	"Juli will kill"
Sa Juli hevor ri gwelder.	"Juli is going to kill"

Perfect Progressive Examples

use of kar sa "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)

present perfect progressive

kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder.

"The king has/have been killing"

(has-pres the king be killing)

past perfect progressive

karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder.

"The king had been killing"

(has-past the king be killing)

future perfect progressive

karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder.

"The king will have been killing"

(has-fut the king be killing)