Talk:Gamgweth Grammar (book): Difference between revisions

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= What Is This? =
= What Is This? =
This is mean to be a discussion of a lexical analysis that complements the grammar book.
This is mean to be a discussion of a lexical analysis that '''complements''' the grammar book.

This is also intended to find out what modifications to the language should be make to clarify certain constructions whenever issues are noticed.
This is also intended to find out what modifications to the language should be make to clarify certain constructions whenever issues are noticed.


You will often see (construed) where there doesn't exist an explicit example of the thing and comparisons with other words were made.
= Proposals for Change =
== Adverb Adversity! ==
When an adverb exists, there is no place to put it clearly in the sentence. You can see this from below examples (spec. ''Example With Adjective vs. Adverb'').

Why is this important? Well, adverbs play special roles in more complex sentences, modifiying both adjectives, verbs, and clauses. If we can't decide what it's modifying, then it will definitely lead to confusion.

=== Without Inflection ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example Adverb/Adjective Incoherency
| Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle.
| "I do speak beautiful Gamgweth"
| (Do-pres I speak Gamgweth-beautiful)
|-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahle.
| "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
| (Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful)
|}
=== With Inflection ===
With inflections, the adverb could follow the verb or moved to the end of the clause.
* e.g., let's assume the inflection is uf'- (one of the least-found pairs)
{| class="wikitable"
|+ With Inflection uf'-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle.
| "I do speak beautiful Gamgweth"
| (Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful)
|-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth uf'ahle.
| "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
| (Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful-ly)
|-
| Gwerke Juli ri li trekhalosann.
| "Juli spoke to the good chieftan"
| (speak-past Juli to the chieftan good)
|-
| Gwerke Juli ri li trekhalo uf'sann.
[don't do this, see below]
| "Juli spoke to the chieftan well"?
| (speak-past Juli to the chieftan goodly [well])
|-
| Gwerke Juli ri li trekhalosann uf'sann.
[don't do this]
| "Juli spoke to the good chieftan well"?
| (speak-past Juli to the chieftan-good well)
|-
| Gwerke uf'sann Juli ri li trekhalosann.
| "Juli spoke well to the good chieftan"
| (speak-past well Juli to the chieftan-good)
|-
| Uf'sann gwerke Juli ri li trekhalosann.
[could modify a clause?]
| "Juli spoke well to the good chieftan"?
| (well speak-past Juli to the chieftan-good)
|}
==== Issues with Inflections ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Potential Issues With Inflection uf'-
| Hentorke uf'bolg Juli ve li gelvmor'seord uf'mor.
| "Juli badly traveled in the very dark cave"?
"Juli very badly traveled in the dark cave"?
|}
* This suggests that the adverbs should be situationally near, and ordered, to the thing they are describing. Notice in the sentence below that the adverbs follow the thing they are describing, even adjectives. ''Never modifying from the end of a clause!''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Complex Sentence With Inflection uf'-
| Hentorke uf'bolg uf'mor vi Juli bolg uf'mor ve li gelvmor'seord uf'mor.
| "A very bad Juli very badly traveled in the very dark cave"
| (travel-past badly greatly [very] a Juli bad very in the cave dark very)
|}

== Already-Written Works with Inflection ==
This makes use of the written work [[Lasadel ia Ulf (book)|Lasadel ia Ulf]] where understood (I have a talk translation on that page [[talk:Lasadel ia Ulf (book)|here]]).
=== Using -ue for Common -ly ===
In the example Gamgweth sentence "Aevirke ulf lasadal ia bueserke wirue", the adverb is at the end with a -ue suffix. Where ''wir'' (evil) + ''-ue'' is likely intended to mean "evilly". Thus creating the translation: "The wolf saw the lady and smiled evilly".

Using that as a guide, the previous examples of ''uf'-'' to ''-ue'' would have the following effect on some sample sentences.

{| class="wikitable"
| Gwerke sannue Juli ri li trekhalosann.
| "Juli spoke well to the good chieftan"
| (speak-past good-ly [well] Juli to the chieftan-good)
|-
| Hentorke bolgue morue vi Juli bolg morue ve li gelvmor'seord morue.
| "A very bad Juli very badly traveled in the very dark cave"
| (travel-past bad-ly great-ly [very] a Juli bad very in the cave dark very)
|}

This is ideal for the purpose of finding a way to create adverbial forms.

== Other Issues ==
=== Noun Adjectivication ===
Turning nouns into adjectives, such as fire into fiery, or anger into angry, there are very few lexical examples to hint at a commonality. For instance,
{| class="wikitable"
! Noun (meaning)
! Adjective
! Change (if any)
|-
| elba (gloom)
| elban (gloomy [as opposed to "gloomily" adverb)
| -n
|-
| cambri (magic [n assuming])
| cambri (magic [adj; as opposed to "magically"])
| ''no change''
|-
| ? (silence)
| ghazal (silent [as opposed to "silently")
| ?
|}
This is important as a distinction, because words in Common can change form when created as an adjective or adverb. Just because Common does it, doesn't mean that Gamgweth requires it, but take the case of ''aes'' for fire.
How does one define "Fire" the noun adjunct differ explicitly from "Fiery" the adjective as it is clearly seen in Common?
{| class="wikitable"
| maor aes zaul => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Devil Fire Cat"?
| maor aeszaul => "Fire-Devil Cat" or "Devil-Fire Cat"?
| maoraes zaul => "Devil Fire-Cat"?
|-
| maor zaul aes => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Fire Devil-Cat"?
| maorzaul aes => "Fire Devil-Cat" or "Fiery Devil-Cat"?
| maor zaulaes => "Fire-Devil Cat"?
|}
While the distinctions may be clearer in written form, when Gamgweth is vocalized, the necessity for inflection should become apparent, yet there doesn't appear to be a general rule to assist with this process of distinguishing a noun from its adjective form. Take the difference between "the bony prince" and "the Bone Prince"; in Common, the nouns and adjectives are easy to understand.

=== Compounds ===
When are words compounded? For instance, ''seordmaor'' (dark cat) is a compound of an adjective + noun; ''faldesu'' (long river) is the same. So when dealing with simple compounds the adjective ''usually'' should follow the noun, but either is acceptable. When multiple adjectives are applied, what then? Lets say the word is ''lunmor'' (boulder) and the comparison should be made against another object as a "big red boulder". Then the word would become ''lunmor mor talan'', or should it be ''lunmor mortalan'', or ''lunmormortalan''. Using the "dark green brook" example, ''faldban seord'telgi'', only the first adjective makes it onto the noun, while the rest follow compounded.

This ''seems'' to hold true for the most part, but there are a couple examples from that demonstrate otherwise (probably most commonly in names, and this seems to be acceptable).


Any notes with (construed, weak) means there exists only a single example and is ineffective to provide proper rules, but it was used anyways.
* ''Note: Cleaned up on 08DEC16 to make it more organized''


= Basic Structure =
= Basic Structure =
Assuming you already know what nouns, adjectives, verbs, and other common parts of speech, this will just describe some simple examples
== Alphabet ==
== Alphabet ==
There are 24 Common characters used in Gamgweth (by example)
There are 24 Common characters used in Gamgweth (by example)
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| (presumably) indicate emphasis in declarative or vocative sentence
| (presumably) indicate emphasis in declarative or vocative sentence
|}
|}
== Other Parts of Speech ==
== Parts of Speech ==
=== Articles ===
=== Articles ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! against
! against
| gand
|-
! as
! as
| ev
|-
! at
! at
| ae
|-
! by
! by
| ha
|-
! in
! in
| ve
|-
! inside
| vetar (construed)
|-
! of
! of
| ai / rae
|-
! on
! on
| kus
! out of
|-
! out
| dilu
|-
! outside
| dilutar (construed)
|-
! to
! to
|-
| gand
| ev
| ae
| ha
| ve
| ai / rae
| kus
| diluai (construed)
| ri
| ri
|}
==== Preposition Example ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| ... on the volcano
| ... kus li aesker
|-
| ... on the hot volcano
| ... kus li aeskerarthemor
|}
|}
=== Conjunctions ===
=== Conjunctions ===
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|-
|-
! and
! and
! but
! nor
! or
|-
| ia
| ia
|-
! but
| kho
| kho
|-
! nor
| uldin (construed)
| uldin (construed)
|-
! or
| ul
| ul
|}
|}
=== ''Some'' Subordinating Conjuntions (others are already listed above) ===
=== Subordinating Conjuntions ===
"I was so scared ''that'' I ran away" (complement)
"I was so scared ''that'' I ran away" (complement)


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|-
|-
! how
! how
| lof
|-
! than
! than
| jen
|-
! that
! that
| padia
! when
! where
|-
|-
! when
| lof
| jen
| padia
| sudu
| sudu
|-
! where
| suren
| suren
|}
|}


= Compound Nouns (Noun + Noun/Adjective) =
= Compounds =
== General ==
== Greater Type of Thing ==
=== Greater than ===
suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective
suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "cavern"
| "cavern"
|}
|}
=== Less than ===
== Lesser Type of Thing ==
suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective
suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "fissure"
| "fissure"
|}
|}
=== Area of type ===
== Type of Area ==
remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective
remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "salt flats"
| "salt flats"
|}
|}
=== Full of, or filled with ===
== Full of, Filled with, Surrounded by ==
suffix -ta "full"
suffix -ta "full"
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|"stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])
|"stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])
|}
|}
=== Person of type (occupation) ===
== Type of Person (Occupation) ==
suffix -ger "person"
suffix -ger "person"
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "nobleman"
| "nobleman"
|}
|}
=== Young type of thing ===
== Young Type of Thing ==
suffix -wen "young"
suffix -wen "young"
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "evening"
| "evening"
|}
|}
== Construables ==
== Negative Type of Thing ==
=== Negative type of thing ===
suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")
suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "beast" (see dyrgelv "den")
| "beast" (see dyrgelv "den")
|}
|}
=== Time of thing ===
== Time of Thing ==
suffix -dor (construed "time")
suffix -dor (construed "time")
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| "prepare"
| "prepare"
|}
|}

== Questionables ==
= Adjectives =
* batar, dotar, hentar "left, right (dir), crossroad", hen "road"
== Basic Construction ==
** not sure how to interpret this...
# ''Normally'', all adjectives follow the noun on the right
# Only the first adjective is attached to the noun (when multiple descriptors exist)
= Inflections =
# Vocal stops can be used with apostrophes normally when consonants are grouped
== Adjectives ==
=== Compounding nouns with adjectives ===
== Compound Rules (More Detail) ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| (the king warm)
| (the king warm)
|-
|-
| Sa li denenshon arthe.
| Li denenshon a'phopher ...
| "The king is warm"
| "The dreaming king ..."
| (be-pres the king warm)
| (The king dreaming ...)
|-
|-
| Falban Seord'tegli
| Phopher li denenshona'phopher.
| "The dreaming king dreams"
| "Dark green brook"
| (River-lesser dark'green)
| (dream the king dreaming)
|}
|}
=== Adjectives to Adverbs (Common -ly) ===
== Noun Adjectives, Attribute (Common: -y) ==
Suffix: -(i)n, drop the 'i' when suffixed to an existing vowel
No inflection of the adjective, simply add to end of the sentence to modify
* (assume Heyor == 'greet (v)' from Heyo "hello")
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! gloom (n)
| Heyor li denenshonchel Juli.
! gloomy (adj)
| "The cool king greets Juli"
|-
| elba
| elban
|-
! fire (n)
! fiery (adj)
|-
| aes
| aesin (construed, weak)
|}
This is important as a distinction, because words in Common can change form when created as an adjective or adverb. Just because Common does it, doesn't mean that Gamgweth requires it, but take the case of ''aes'' for fire.
How does one define "Fire" the noun adjunct differ explicitly from "Fiery" the adjective as it is clearly seen in Common?
{| class="wikitable"
| maor aes zaul => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Devil Fire Cat"?
| maor aeszaul => "Fire-Devil Cat" or "Devil-Fire Cat"?
| maoraes zaul => "Devil Fire-Cat"?
|-
| maor zaul aes => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Fire Devil-Cat"?
| maorzaul aes => "Fire Devil-Cat" or "Fiery Devil-Cat"?
| maor zaulaes => "Fire-Devil Cat"?
|}
While the distinctions may be clearer in written form, when Gamgweth is vocalized, the necessity for inflection should become apparent, yet there doesn't appear to be a general rule to assist with this process of distinguishing a noun from its adjective form. Take the difference between "the bony prince" and "the Bone Prince"; in Common, the nouns and adjectives are easy to understand.
== Noun Adjectives, Pertaining To (Common: -al) ==
Suffix: -nth
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! magic (n)
! magical (adj)
|-
| cambri
| cambrinth
|-
! nature (n)
! natural (adj)
|-
|-
| ierna
| Heyor li denenshon Juli chel.
| iernanth (construed, weak)
| "The king greets Juli cooly"
|}
|}
== To Make, To Become, Appearance of, Turn Into (Common: -en / en-) ==
* There's no rule for inflecting the adjective-to-adverb with -ly, so this I guess is considered contextually appropriate ''in this structure'' (see adjective adverbs below).
Suffix: -(a)fi, (created from existing word ''safir'' == become)
=== Make appearance of, make into (Common -en), suffix -(a)fi ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| "gold (metal)"
| "gold (metal)"
| atilafi
| atilafi
| "golden (metal)"
| "golden (construed, weak)"
|}
|}


= Adverb Creation (Common: -ly) =
== Nouns ==
In the example Gamgweth sentence "Aevirke ulf lasadal ia bueserke wirue", the adverb is at the end with a -ue suffix. Where ''wir'' (evil) + ''-ue'' is likely intended to mean "evilly". Thus creating the translation: "The wolf saw the lady and smiled evilly".
=== Verbification ===
{| class="wikitable"
==== If ending with a vowel, suffix -r ====
|-
| evilly
| wirue
| (evil-ly)
|-
| Gwerke sannue Juli ri li trekhalosann.
| "Juli spoke well to the good chieftan"
| (speak-past good-ly [well] Juli to the chieftan-good)
|-
| Hentorke bolgue morue vi Juli bolg morue ve li gelvmor'seord morue.
| "A very bad Juli very badly traveled in the very dark cave"
| (travel-past bad-ly great-ly [very] a Juli bad very in the cave dark very)
|}
* assume ''Heyor'' (greet (v)), from ''Heyo'' (hello)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Heyor li denenshonarthe Juli.
| "The warm king greets Juli"
|-
| Heyor li denenshon Juli artheue.
| "The king greets Juli warmly"
|}

= Verbification (Noun to Verb) =
== If ending with a vowel ==
Suffix: -r
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| "sleep (v)"
| "sleep (v)"
|}
|}
==== If ending with a vowel+consonant, replace consonant with -r ====
== If ending with a vowel+consonant ==
Suffix: replace consonant with -r
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| "love (v)"
| "love (v)"
|}
|}
==== If ending with a double-consonant, suffix -er ====
== If ending with a double-consonant ==
Suffix: -er
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| "kill (v)"
| "kill (v)"
|}
|}

=== Adjectification ===

= Verbs =
== Infinitives ==
There are no infinitves with verbs explicitly, however there is ''ri'' (to) which ''may'' suggest it is usable to create them. However, it may also be intended to be preposition only and represents the Common use of the word, not necessarily proper Gamgweth usage.
== Transitive Verbs ==
are modified by tense
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Gweldke Juli li denenshon.
! Noun
| "Juli killed the king"
! Meaning
| (Kill-did Juli the king)
! Modified Noun
! New Meaning (Adjective)
|-
| elba
| "gloom"
| elban
|"gloomy"
|}
|}
== Intransitive Verbs ==

== Verbs ==
There do not seem to be infinitves with verbs (via examples), however there is ''ri'' (to) which ''may'' suggest it is usable to create them. However, it may also be intended to be preposition only and represents the Common use of the word, not necessarily proper Gamgweth usage.
=== Nominalization ===
''TODO''
=== Conjugations ===
==== Transitive Verbs ====
are modified by tense
<pre>
Gweldke Juli li denenshon.
TV S Det DO
"Juli killed the king"
(Kill-did Juli the king)
</pre>
==== Intransitive Verbs ====
are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be)
are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be)
{| class="wikitable"
<pre>
|-
Sa Juli a'gwelder. "Juli is killing."
| Sa Juli a'gwelder.
Cop S IV
| "Juli is killing."
</pre>
| (Be Juli killing)
=== Axiliary Constructions ===
|}
==== Progressive Examples ====
== Nominalization ==
progressives using transitive verbs, you may want to use auxiliary verbs for tense
are verbs that have been inflected into a nouns
e.g., sa "be-present", sake "be-past", and saal "be-future"
* e.g., Nominalize => Nominalization
===== past progressive =====
Suffix: -pa, from ''pa'' (it)
''Note: This is a created rule; no examples exist''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sake taisarpa denan sanyu.
| "His flight was divine."
| (Be-past fly-it his divine)
|}
== Be and Do Specific ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Be (is/was/will be)
| ''sa'' (be-present, is), ''sake'' (be-past, was), ''saal'' (be-future, will be)
|-
| Do (do/does/did)
| ''esar'' (do-present, does), ''esarke'' (do-past, did), ''esaral'' (do-future, will do)
|}
== Auxiliary Constructions (By Example) ==
=== Progressive ===
==== Past Progressive ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 575: Line 548:
| (be-past they killing)
| (be-past they killing)
|}
|}
===== past progressive + past participle =====
==== Past Progressive + Past Participle (non-inflected) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 582: Line 555:
| (be-past the king being kill)
| (be-past the king being kill)
|}
|}
===== present progressive =====
==== Present Progressive ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 593: Line 566:
| (be-pres they killing)
| (be-pres they killing)
|}
|}
===== present progressive + past participle =====
==== Present Progressive + Past Participle (non-inflected) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 600: Line 573:
| (be-pres the king being kill)
| (be-pres the king being kill)
|}
|}
===== future progressive =====
==== Future Progressive ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 615: Line 588:
| (be-fut they stealing afternoon all)
| (be-fut they stealing afternoon all)
|}
|}
===== present simple =====
=== Perfect Progressive ===
* use of ''kar sa'' "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)
===== Present Perfect Progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king has been killing"
| (has-pres the king be killing)
|}
|-
| karfano li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king could have been killing."
| (has-pres-could the king be killing)
|}
===== Past Perfect Progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king had been killing"
| (has-past the king be killing)
|-
| karkefano li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "Thing king could have been killing"
| (has-past-could the king be killing)
|}
===== Future Perfect Progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king will have been killing"
| (has-fut the king be killing)
|}
=== Simple ===
==== Past Simple ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Esarke Juli gwelder.
| "Juli did kill"
| (do-past Juli kill)
|-
| Gwelderke Juli.
| "Juli did kill" (per grammar rule)
| (kill-past Juli)
|}
==== Present Simple (Imperative Mood) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 622: Line 639:
|-
|-
| Gwer tema Gamgweth
| Gwer tema Gamgweth
| "You speak Gamgweth" or imperative "(You) speak Gamgweth"
| Imperative: "You speak Gamgweth"
|}
Sentences without copulas are not good, because there is not a distinction between the third person present tense and the second person imperative, "(You) kill Juli."
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Gwelder Juli.
| Gwelder Juli.
| "Juli kills" or "Kill Juli"?
| Imperative: "Kill Juli"
|-
|-
| Gwelder ama.
| Gwelder ama.
| "I kill" or "Kill me"?
| Imperative: "Kill me"
|-
|-
| Karke Juli gwelder.
| Karke Juli gwelder.
| "Juli has killed" or "Have Juli killed"?
| Imperative: "Have Juli killed"
|}
|}
==== Present Simple ====
In this case, the default should imply the imperative is intended, and instead use modal conjugations when describing activities
Use modal conjugations when describing activities
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 645: Line 660:
| "Juli has killed"
| "Juli has killed"
|}
|}
Use of modal ''esar'' (do):
===== Use of modal ''esar'' (do) =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 660: Line 675:
| "I do speak Gamgweth"
| "I do speak Gamgweth"
|}
|}
Example With Adjective vs. Adverb:
===== Example With Adjective/Adverb =====
This is where adverbs break down. See the following examples as to why adjective-to-adverb constructions don't necessarily work.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 668: Line 682:
| Do-pres I speak Gamgweth-beautiful
| Do-pres I speak Gamgweth-beautiful
|-
|-
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahle.
| Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahleue.
| "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
| "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully"
| Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful
| Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful-ly
|}
|}
==== Future Simple ====
* This can't necessarily go next to ''gwer'' (speak) as might an adjective for the same example way above without modals. i.e.,
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Heyor li denenshon Juli chel.
| "The king greets Juli cooly"
| Greet the king Juli cool
|}
* In this example, ''heyor'' (greet; construed) would have to be modified, but then would become
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Heyor chel li denenshon Juli.
| "Cool greets the king Juli"
| Greet cool the king Juli
|}
* The problem is that adverbs should be inflected to indicate they are indeed modifiers.
===== past simple =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Esarke Juli gwelder.
| "Juli did kill"
| (do-past Juli kill)
|-
| Gwelderke Juli.
| "Juli did kill" (per grammar rule)
| (kill-past Juli)
|}
===== future simple =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 709: Line 697:
| (be Juli going to kill)
| (be Juli going to kill)
|}
|}
* In the last example, it might be possible to drop the ''ri'' (to) as implied infinitive or preposition; since the word exists, it should probably be considered proper to add it, while dropping it would be more like slang.
* There are no explicit infinitives, therefore it might be okay to drop the ''ri'' (to) as implied infinitive or preposition. It could also be reasonable to enjoy dropping it as informal.


= Moods (TODO) =
==== Perfect Progressive Examples ====
* Considering TODO (if necessary)
use of kar sa "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)
** Imperative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Indicative, Interrogative
===== present perfect progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king has been killing"
| (has-pres the king be killing)
|}
|-
| karfano li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king could have been killing."
| (has-pres-could the king be killing)
|}
===== past perfect progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king had been killing"
| (has-past the king be killing)
|-
| karkefano li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "Thing king could have been killing"
| (has-past-could the king be killing)
|}
===== future perfect progressive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder.
| "The king will have been killing"
| (has-fut the king be killing)
|}


--[[User:DAEMETHEUS|DAEMETHEUS]] ([[User talk:DAEMETHEUS|talk]]) 22:46, 27 October 2016 (CDT)
--[[User:DAEMETHEUS|DAEMETHEUS]] ([[User talk:DAEMETHEUS|talk]]) 16:11, 8 December 2016 (CST)

Revision as of 16:11, 8 December 2016

What Is This?

This is mean to be a discussion of a lexical analysis that complements the grammar book.

This is also intended to find out what modifications to the language should be make to clarify certain constructions whenever issues are noticed.

You will often see (construed) where there doesn't exist an explicit example of the thing and comparisons with other words were made.

Any notes with (construed, weak) means there exists only a single example and is ineffective to provide proper rules, but it was used anyways.

  • Note: Cleaned up on 08DEC16 to make it more organized

Basic Structure

Assuming you already know what nouns, adjectives, verbs, and other common parts of speech, this will just describe some simple examples

Alphabet

There are 24 Common characters used in Gamgweth (by example) 

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
  • Notice there is no example of the Common letters Q or X used (though the vocals may exist in other combinations)

Punctuation

There are 4 (or 5) special characters used punctuation and are as follows:

Character Usage
. end of a declarative sentence.
? direct question at end of sentence
, separate ideas, elements, clauses (but not to separate adjectives)
' (apostrophe) indicate vocal stop (construed) between compounds where similar double consonants are paired; e.g., seord'telgi (dark green);

also used when inflecting verbs by adding -ing; e.g., gwelder (kill) -> a'gwelder (killing); may also be vocal stops

! (presumably) indicate emphasis in declarative or vocative sentence

Parts of Speech

Articles

Definite (the) Indefinite (a and an)
li vi

Prepositions

against gand
as ev
at ae
by ha
in ve
inside vetar (construed)
of ai / rae
on kus
out dilu
outside dilutar (construed)
to ri

Preposition Example

... on the volcano ... kus li aesker
... on the hot volcano ... kus li aeskerarthemor

Conjunctions

and ia
but kho
nor uldin (construed)
or ul

Subordinating Conjuntions

"I was so scared that I ran away" (complement)

"I use that" (noun)

"I found it useful that I had the gold already" (sub conj) [arguable]

"It is on top of that table" (adjective)

  • This is meant to illustrate that these words may are not well-defined; it may be right in Common reuse the same word in different ways, but it may not be the intended usage in Gamgweth.
how lof
than jen
that padia
when sudu
where suren

Compound Nouns (Noun + Noun/Adjective)

Greater Type of Thing

suffix -mor "great" to specify a greater amount/degree of a noun or adjective

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
chel "cool" chelmor "cold"
zindu "house" zindumor "manor"
sel "sea" selmor "ocean"
lermor "gorge"
gelv "cave" gelvmor "cavern"

Lesser Type of Thing

suffix -ban "little" to specify a lesser amount/degree of the noun or adjective

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
sel "sea" selban "bay"
fal "river" falban "creek/brook"
lerban "fissure"

Type of Area

remove end vowel and suffix -ren "land" to specify an area consiting of the type of noun or adjective

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
mod "tree" modren "woodland"
neflor "train" nefloren "training ground"
nama "salt" namadren "salt flats"

Full of, Filled with, Surrounded by

suffix -ta "full"

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
crof "bush" croftan "brush"
selban "bay" selbanta "cay"
din "no/not/zero" dinta "empty"
av "eye" avtai "stars" (see seordav "eclipse" [dark + eye])

Type of Person (Occupation)

suffix -ger "person"

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
tyval "theft" tyvalger "thief"
lasa "noble" lasager "nobleman"

Young Type of Thing

suffix -wen "young"

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
ger "person" gerwen "child"
andu "day" anduwen "morning"
lasa "noble" lasawen "heir"
night "surmi" (inflected) sumiwen "evening"

Negative Type of Thing

suffix -isi (construed "unwelcome/unwanted/dangerous/negative")

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
lort "plant" lortisi "weed"
dyr "animal" (construed) dyrisi "beast" (see dyrgelv "den")

Time of Thing

suffix -dor (construed "time")

Noun Meaning Modified Noun New Meaning
jeol "ice" Jeoldor "Winter"
anla "sun" Anlador "Summer"
sca "before" (construed) scador "prepare"

Adjectives

Basic Construction

  1. Normally, all adjectives follow the noun on the right
  2. Only the first adjective is attached to the noun (when multiple descriptors exist)
  3. Vocal stops can be used with apostrophes normally when consonants are grouped

Compound Rules (More Detail)

Li denenshonarthe... "The warm king..." (the king warm)
Li denenshon a'phopher ... "The dreaming king ..." (The king dreaming ...)
Falban Seord'tegli "Dark green brook" (River-lesser dark'green)

Noun Adjectives, Attribute (Common: -y)

Suffix: -(i)n, drop the 'i' when suffixed to an existing vowel

gloom (n) gloomy (adj)
elba elban
fire (n) fiery (adj)
aes aesin (construed, weak)

This is important as a distinction, because words in Common can change form when created as an adjective or adverb. Just because Common does it, doesn't mean that Gamgweth requires it, but take the case of aes for fire. How does one define "Fire" the noun adjunct differ explicitly from "Fiery" the adjective as it is clearly seen in Common?

maor aes zaul => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Devil Fire Cat"? maor aeszaul => "Fire-Devil Cat" or "Devil-Fire Cat"? maoraes zaul => "Devil Fire-Cat"?
maor zaul aes => "Fiery Devil Cat" or "Fire Devil-Cat"? maorzaul aes => "Fire Devil-Cat" or "Fiery Devil-Cat"? maor zaulaes => "Fire-Devil Cat"?

While the distinctions may be clearer in written form, when Gamgweth is vocalized, the necessity for inflection should become apparent, yet there doesn't appear to be a general rule to assist with this process of distinguishing a noun from its adjective form. Take the difference between "the bony prince" and "the Bone Prince"; in Common, the nouns and adjectives are easy to understand.

Noun Adjectives, Pertaining To (Common: -al)

Suffix: -nth

magic (n) magical (adj)
cambri cambrinth
nature (n) natural (adj)
ierna iernanth (construed, weak)

To Make, To Become, Appearance of, Turn Into (Common: -en / en-)

Suffix: -(a)fi, (created from existing word safir == become)

Adjective Meaning Modified Adjective New Meaning
rom "broad" romafi "broaden"
atila "gold (metal)" atilafi "golden (construed, weak)"

Adverb Creation (Common: -ly)

In the example Gamgweth sentence "Aevirke ulf lasadal ia bueserke wirue", the adverb is at the end with a -ue suffix. Where wir (evil) + -ue is likely intended to mean "evilly". Thus creating the translation: "The wolf saw the lady and smiled evilly".

evilly wirue (evil-ly)
Gwerke sannue Juli ri li trekhalosann. "Juli spoke well to the good chieftan" (speak-past good-ly [well] Juli to the chieftan-good)
Hentorke bolgue morue vi Juli bolg morue ve li gelvmor'seord morue. "A very bad Juli very badly traveled in the very dark cave" (travel-past bad-ly great-ly [very] a Juli bad very in the cave dark very)
  • assume Heyor (greet (v)), from Heyo (hello)
Heyor li denenshonarthe Juli. "The warm king greets Juli"
Heyor li denenshon Juli artheue. "The king greets Juli warmly"

Verbification (Noun to Verb)

If ending with a vowel

Suffix: -r

Noun Modified Noun New Meaning
phofe phofer "dream (v)"
ferse ferser "sleep (v)"

If ending with a vowel+consonant

Suffix: replace consonant with -r

Noun Modified Noun New Meaning
achol achor "fear (v)"
abues abuer "love (v)"

If ending with a double-consonant

Suffix: -er

Noun Modified Noun New Meaning
gweld gwelder "kill (v)"


Verbs

Infinitives

There are no infinitves with verbs explicitly, however there is ri (to) which may suggest it is usable to create them. However, it may also be intended to be preposition only and represents the Common use of the word, not necessarily proper Gamgweth usage.

Transitive Verbs

are modified by tense

Gweldke Juli li denenshon. "Juli killed the king" (Kill-did Juli the king)

Intransitive Verbs

are modified only as a tense participle when using copulas (be)

Sa Juli a'gwelder. "Juli is killing." (Be Juli killing)

Nominalization

are verbs that have been inflected into a nouns

  • e.g., Nominalize => Nominalization

Suffix: -pa, from pa (it) Note: This is a created rule; no examples exist

Sake taisarpa denan sanyu. "His flight was divine." (Be-past fly-it his divine)

Be and Do Specific

Be (is/was/will be) sa (be-present, is), sake (be-past, was), saal (be-future, will be)
Do (do/does/did) esar (do-present, does), esarke (do-past, did), esaral (do-future, will do)

Auxiliary Constructions (By Example)

Progressive

Past Progressive

Sake li denenshon a'gwelder. "The king was killing" (be-past the king killing)
Sake gaena a'gwelder. "They were killing" (be-past they killing)

Past Progressive + Past Participle (non-inflected)

Sake li denenshon a'sa gwelder. "The king was being killed" (be-past the king being kill)

Present Progressive

Sa li denenshon a'gwelder. "The king is killing" (be-pres the king killing)
Sa gaena agwelder. "They are killing" (be-pres they killing)

Present Progressive + Past Participle (non-inflected)

Sa li denenshon a'sa gwelder. "The king is being killed" (be-pres the king being kill)

Future Progressive

Saal li denenshon a'gwelder. "The king will be killing" (be-fut the king killing)
Saal gaena a'gwelder. "They will be killing" (be-fut they killing)
Saal gaena a'tyvar urfe naen. "They will be stealing all afternoon" (be-fut they stealing afternoon all)

Perfect Progressive

  • use of kar sa "have + be" with tense participle verbs (-ing)
Present Perfect Progressive
kar li denenshon sa a'gwelder. "The king has been killing" (has-pres the king be killing)

|- | karfano li denenshon sa a'gwelder. | "The king could have been killing." | (has-pres-could the king be killing) |}

Past Perfect Progressive
karke li denenshon sa a'gwelder. "The king had been killing" (has-past the king be killing)
karkefano li denenshon sa a'gwelder. "Thing king could have been killing" (has-past-could the king be killing)
Future Perfect Progressive
karal li denenshon sa a'gwelder. "The king will have been killing" (has-fut the king be killing)

Simple

Past Simple

Esarke Juli gwelder. "Juli did kill" (do-past Juli kill)
Gwelderke Juli. "Juli did kill" (per grammar rule) (kill-past Juli)

Present Simple (Imperative Mood)

Gwer tema Gamgweth? "You speak Gamgweth?"
Gwer tema Gamgweth Imperative: "You speak Gamgweth"
Gwelder Juli. Imperative: "Kill Juli"
Gwelder ama. Imperative: "Kill me"
Karke Juli gwelder. Imperative: "Have Juli killed"

Present Simple

Use modal conjugations when describing activities

Gwelderal Juli. "Juli will kill"
Gelderke Juli. "Juli has killed"
Use of modal esar (do)
Esar Juli gwelder. "Juli does kill"
Esar ama gwelder. "I do kill"
Esar tema gwer Gamgweth? "Do you speak Gamgweth?"
Esar ama gwer Gamgweth. "I do speak Gamgweth"
Example With Adjective/Adverb
Esar ama gwer Gamgwethahle. "I do speak beautiful Gamgweth" Do-pres I speak Gamgweth-beautiful
Esar ama gwer Gamgweth ahleue. "I do speak Gamgweth beautifully" Do-pres I speak Gamgweth beautiful-ly

Future Simple

Gwelderal Juli. "Juli will kill" (kill-fut Juli)
Sa Juli hevor ri gwelder. "Juli is going to kill" (be Juli going to kill)
  • There are no explicit infinitives, therefore it might be okay to drop the ri (to) as implied infinitive or preposition. It could also be reasonable to enjoy dropping it as informal.

Moods (TODO)

  • Considering TODO (if necessary)
    • Imperative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Indicative, Interrogative

--DAEMETHEUS (talk) 16:11, 8 December 2016 (CST)

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