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	==Speaking Haakish, Volume II ==		==Speaking Haakish, Volume II ==

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	'''4c.''' There are a large number of subordinating conjunctions [some of		'''4c.''' There are a large number of subordinating conjunctions [some of
	which also function as prepositions].		which also function as prepositions].

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	==Speaking Haakish, Volume II ==		==Speaking Haakish, Volume II ==

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1. Numbers and Numbering Information
2. Miscellaneous
3. Syntax of the Simple Sentence
4. Syntax of the Complex Sentence
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New page: ==Speaking Haakish, Volume II == Index 1. Numbers and Numbering Information 2. Miscellaneous 3. Syntax of the Simple Sentence 4. Syntax of the Complex Sentence ...

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==Speaking Haakish, Volume II ==

Index 

1. Numbers and Numbering Information 
2. Miscellaneous 
3. Syntax of the Simple Sentence 
4. Syntax of the Complex Sentence 

==1. NUMBERS AND NUMBERING INFORMATION ==
'''1a. '''The Numbers 
Common Cardinal Ordinal Adverb Multiplicative 
1 dan danrum dangig danka 
2 twon twonrum twongig twonka 
3 drin drinrum dringig drinka 
4 kwart kwartrum kwartgig kwartka 
5 gaal gaalrum gaalgig gaalka 
6 shan shanrum shangig shanka 
7 hlat hlatrum hlatgig hlatka 
8 knof knofrum knofgig knofka 
9 twel twelrum twelgig twelka 
10 hvad hvadrum hvadgig hvadka 
11 hvad cha dan hvad cha danrum hvad cha dangig hvad cha danka 
12 hvad cha twon hvad cha twonrum hvad cha twongig hvad cha twonka 
20 twovad twovadrum twovadgig twovadka 
21 twovad cha dan twovad cha danrum twovad cha dangig twovad cha danka 
30 drivad etc. etc. etc. 
40 kwarvad 
50 gavad 
60 shavad 
70 hlavad 
80 knovad 
90 twevad 

100 (dan) huntaal 
101 (dan) huntaal dan 
110 (dan) huntaal hvad 
111 (dan) huntaal 
..........hvad cha dan 
200 twon huntaal 
300 drin huntaal 
1000 (dan) sundi 
1111 (dan) sundi (dan) 
..........huntaal hvad cha dan 
9999 twel sundi twel 
..........huntaal twevad cha twel 

Note: In careful pronunciation (and occasionally in writing), "twovad" and
twevad are sometimes further distinguished by saying (or writing)
"twonvad" and "twelvad" to avoid any possible misunderstanding.

'''1b.''' Ordinals [first, second, third, etc.] are formed by adding -rum to the
cardinal. So "dan" ["one"] becomes "danrum" ["first"].

'''1c.''' The adverbial forms of numerals [once, twice, thrice, four times, five
times, etc.] are formed by adding the adverbial suffix -gig to the cardinal.
So "dangig" ["once"]. The Common idiom "x times" is always represented
adverbially in Haakish, never by something like "gaal hvilren," even for
large numbers.

'''1d.''' The multiplicative adjectives [simple/single, twofold/double,
threefold/triple, etc.) are formed by adding the suffix -ka to the cardinal,
so "danka" ["simple/single"], "twonka" ["twofold/double"], etc.
Theoretically any number can have a multiplicative form, though in
practice only the multiplicatives up to 10 are commonly found as
adjectives.

'''1e.''' The higher multiplicatives must be learned, since they are used as
nouns in the common construction "sa/nin <multiplicative> ut <noun>" to
mean "the/a <pair, set of three, etc.> of <something>." So "Ag kewpe nin
twonka ut glif" ["I bought a pair of gloves," literally, "I bought a double
of gloves"]. But even higher numbers are frequently seen in this use when
the objects are considered a unit: "Sa ordhis giba shot nin sundika ut
flinren at enmark sverfilisren" ["The general will soon give to his archers a
thousand arrows." Literally, "a thousandfold (group) of arrows."]. Of
course, "Sa ordhis giba shot sundi flinren at enmark sverfilisren" would be
perfectly good Haakish as well.

'''1f.''' The distributives [by ones/singly, by twos/in groups of two, by
threes/in groups of three] are formed with the preposition "kath," which
has otherwise dropped out of usage. "Enren taka kath huntaal" ["They
came by the hundreds"]. "Sa galdenisren viika kath dan" ["The
mercenaries are fighting individually" or "one by one"]. In poetry the use
of the distributives occasionally creeps into the territory of the
multiplicative, and one sees "Ag atbaare berdh kath twon" ["I bring a pair
of axes," literally, "axes by twos"], where one might have expected "Ag
atbaare nin twonka ut berdh" or, even more simply, "Ag atbaare twon
berdh." See above, 1e.

==2. MISCELLANEOUS ==

(adjectival suffix) -ik 
(noun agent suffix, added to verbs like -er) -is 
(patronymic suffix, "child of") -ing 
(patronymic suffix, "daughter of") -nag 
(patronymic suffix, "son of") -mag 
(suffix "like," "akin to") -gel 
(suffix "needing") -skel 
(suffix "protected from, safe from") -held 
(suffix "worthy of") -urd 
(suffix forming abstracts [rare, only after vowel]) -tho 
(suffix forming abstracts) -ur 
(suffix indicating measure) -mol 
(suffix to indicate "lacking in") -laws 
(suffx "capable of") -mit 
-able, -ible (suffix "able to be") -lisk (suffix added to verbs) 
-ful (possesses that quality) -sel 
-ful (something inspires that quality) -sarn 
-ing (suffix forms participles and gerunds) -lar 

==3. SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE ==
'''3a.''' The word order of a simple declarative sentence is determined by the 
following order of precedence: 
1. The subject and any modifiers. 
2. The verb, preceded by the negative ewn. 
3. The direct object and any modifiers. 
4. The indirect object (with or without the preposition at) and any
modifiers. Also, a prepositional phrase with "hind" ["on behalf of, for"]
will stand here after the indirect object if there is one. 
5. Modifiers of the verb or the sentence as a whole, except the negative
ewn. 

En atbeere sa hraan mown sa smidh igarlaath. "He brought the clean ore
to the smith yesterday." 
Til thiga nin mint hind tilmark kild faar sa shodh. "She took a coin from
the purse for her child." 
Ag giba nin viikbardh en hind agmark barad atlaath. "Today I am giving
him a battle-ax for my brother." 

NOTE: In short, nominal sentences, those of the type "X is/are Y" the
verb is often omitted. So "Til Debru" ["She is a Dwarf"] or "Aal ga
smedstad" ["It is in the forge"].

'''3b.''' The word order of a question: 
1. The interrogative particle gwor, which has no meaning aside from
indicating that the sentence is a question. 
2. The subject and any modifiers. 
3. The verb, preceded by the negative ewn. 
4. The direct object and any modifiers. 
5. The indirect object and any modifiers. 
6. Modifiers of the verb or the sentence as a whole, except the negative
ewn. 

Examples: 
Gwor darg gorva gwal? "What are you doing?" 
Gwor sa kweln hrare enmark galdenisren du turn chek? "Is the enemy 
moving his soldiers against the tower now?" 
Gwor vir mate hot? "When do we eat?" 

'''3c.''' The word order of an imperative sentence: 
1. The verb, preceded by the negative ewn. 
2. The direct object and any modifiers. 
3. The indirect object and any modifiers. 
4. Modifiers of the verb or of the sentence as a whole. The negative ewn
may be repeated here for strong prohibitions. 

Examples: 
Ewn gorva dath. "Don't do that." 
Ewn gorva dath chek. "Don't do that now." 
Ewn gorva dath ewn. "Do not do that!" 
Duga ag ga smedstad. "Help me in the forge." 
Atbaare sa chaan mown at smidh atlaath. "Bring the new ore to the smith
today." 

==4. SYNTAX OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE ==
'''4a.''' It is possible to join any two simple sentences together with a
coordinating conjunction. The most common of these are "cha" ["and"],
"awk" ["but"] and "ataw" ["or"]. No adjustments need to be made to the
sentences.

'''4b. '''Common tends to insert conjunctions only between the last two
elements of a series. The usual practice in Haakish is to include a
conjunction between all elements. En thaga nin berdh cha nin hamar cha
nin sisil cha nin snar stedh. ["He took an ax and a hammer and a saw and
a small anvil." as opposed to "He took an ax, a hammer, a saw and a
small anvil."] This is true also of coordinating sentences. En thaga enmark
berdh cha en vende ganat kaal cha en kargsnapa nin iik. ["He took his ax
and he went into the forest and he cut down an oak" as opposed to "He
took his ax, went into the forest and cut down an oak."] Notice the
repetition of the subject of the verb where Common would also omit it if
the subject is repeated from the previous verb.

'''4c.''' There are a large number of subordinating conjunctions [some of
which also function as prepositions].