ISHARON at 22:00, 17 October 2013

2013-10-17T22:00:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:00, 17 October 2013
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	stood.").		stood.").

		⚫	{{Cat\|Dwarf,Book,Language Book}}
	[[Category:Book]]
⚫	~~[[Category:~~Language Book]]

Maintenance script at 18:29, 10 May 2008

2008-05-10T18:29:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:29, 10 May 2008
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⚫	[[Category:Book]]
	==Speaking Haakish, Volume I ==		==Speaking Haakish, Volume I ==

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	stood nearby") and "Aal nakdweere, ("It stood nearby," literally, "It near-		stood nearby") and "Aal nakdweere, ("It stood nearby," literally, "It near-
	stood.").		stood.").

		⚫	[[Category:Book]]
			[[Category:Language Book]]

Maintenance script: Book:RxxSH1 moved to Speaking Haakish, Volume 1 (book)

2007-11-23T04:28:58Z

Book:RxxSH1 moved to Speaking Haakish, Volume 1 (book)

← Older revision

Revision as of 23:28, 22 November 2007

Maintenance script at 15:38, 22 November 2007

2007-11-22T15:38:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 22 November 2007
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			[[Category:Book]]
	==Speaking Haakish, Volume I ==		==Speaking Haakish, Volume I ==

Maintenance script: New page: ==Speaking Haakish, Volume I == Index 1. Alphabet and Phonology
2. Pronunciation
3. Accent
4. Nouns
5. Adjectives
6. Adverbs
7. Pronouns
8. Prepositio...

2007-07-13T09:15:17Z

New page: ==Speaking Haakish, Volume I == Index 1. Alphabet and Phonology 2. Pronunciation 3. Accent 4. Nouns 5. Adjectives 6. Adverbs 7. Pronouns 8. Prepositio...

New page

==Speaking Haakish, Volume I ==

Index

1. Alphabet and Phonology 
2. Pronunciation 
3. Accent 
4. Nouns 
5. Adjectives 
6. Adverbs 
7. Pronouns 
8. Prepositions 

==1. ALPHABET AND PHONOLOGY ==
'''1a.''' The Dwarven runic alphabet contains the following letters (along with
several "variants" created by two orthographic marks, the doubling mark
and the W mark):

A (with variants AA and AW) 
B 
D (with variant DW) 
E (with variants EE and EW) 
F 
G (with variant GW) 
H 
I (with variants II and IW) 
K (with variant KW) 
L 
M 
N 
O (with variants OO and OW) 
P 
R (with variant WR) 
S 
T (with variant TW) 
U (with variants UU and UW) 
V 

AE 
CH 
DH 
KH 
SH 
TH 

'''1b.''' Dwarven words should NOT have the following letters: C (except
CH), J, Q, W (except in variants), X, Z.

'''1c.''' Sequences of unlike vowels: So standard Dwarven wouldn't have
words with AI, AO, AU, EA, EI, EO, EU, IA, IE, IO, IU, OA, OE, OI,
OU, UA, UE, UI, UO.

'''1d.''' Long consonantal clusters. Generally no more than two consonants
will stand next to each other, but W and H don't count. So a word like
"snaLTH" ["razor"] is fine since TH stands for a single consonant. There
are some exceptions with clusters involving L and R (like "SKRadis"
["tailor"]). Longer clusters CAN stand when combining two base words.
So "giMSTaan" ["gemstone"] is acceptable, coming from "gim" and
"staan".

1e. In the standard writing of Dwarven, consonants are not doubled except
as a result of compounding. There is, however, an old system of
transliterating Dwarven into Common or Gamgweth which indicates a
short vowel by doubling a single consonant that follows it. Long vowels
were not written double as they are now. So the words that we now
transliterate "mel" ["sphere"] and "meel" ["flour"] would have appeared in
that system as "mell" and "mel" respectively. The newer system is more
accurate and should always be followed, but acquaintance with the old
system is necessary for any serious student of Haakish.

'''1f. '''The following combinations at the start of words are typically
Dwarven: HL, HN, HR, HV, KV, SV, KN.

==2. Sounds==
The sounds of Haakish vary from location to location, though the
pronunciation considered the most authentic by the Dwarves themselves is
that of Kwarlog. The vast majority of Haakish speakers actually deviate
from it to one degree or another and the pronunciation of Hibarnhvidar is
the most widespread. Except as indicated, the pronunciations given below
are those one would hear in Kwarlog.

'''2a.''' There are 6 vowels in Haakish, with 5 of the vowels having a long
variant and a labial variant, for a total of 16 separate and distinct vowel
sounds. In transliteration the long variant is written double (so "AA" for
long "A") and the labial variant with a following W (so "AW" for labial
"A"). AE has no variants.

'''2b.''' The short vowels are pronounced roughly as follows: 
A - as in Common hard (often indistinguishable from O in Stone Clan) 
E - as in Common pet 
I - as in Common pin 
O - as in Common caught 
U - as in Common put 
AE - as in Common hat (pronounced great by some speakers outside of
Kwarlog) 

'''2c. '''The long variants are pronounced as follows: 
AA - as in Common father, but held slightly longer 
EE - as in Common rain (sometimes written AI in Stone Clan) 
II - as in Common seen (sometimes written EE in Stone Clan) 
OO - as in Common go, but without a W sound at the end. 
UU - as in Common moon 

'''2c. '''The labial variants are pronounced as the short vowels with a
noticeable rounding of the lips and W sound at the end. Speakers from
Hibarnhvidar usually base the labial variant sounds on the long variant
and as a result UU and UW are pronounced identically by them.

'''2d.''' The consonants sound very much like their counterparts in Common: 
B - as in Common bed 
D - as in Common door 
DW variant - as in Common Dwarf 
F - as in Common fold 
G - as in Common gold, never like gem 
GW variant - as in Gamgweth 
H - as in Common house 
K - as in Common kick 
KW variant - as in Common quarter 
L - as in Common loud 
M - as in Common meat 
N - as in Common need 
P - as in Common peace 
R - as in the Common roll (trilled by most speakers in all positions) 
S - as in Common sit 
T - as in Common tick 
TW variant - as in Common tweed 
V - as in Common valley 
CH - as in Common church 
DH - as in Common the 
KH - as in Common loch 
SH - as in Common shoe 
TH - as in Common thing 

==3. ACCENT ==
'''3a.''' Haakish words are primarily accented on the first syllable. If the word
has 4 or more syllables, there is also a secondary stress falling on every
other syllable toward the end of the word. So HIbarnhVIdar, THUmalmer,
LEKnistawf, AWthamBArad, and so on.

==4. NOUNS ==
'''4a.''' Where there are nouns and verbs from the same root, the noun is
distinguished by a lack of the final vowel. So "fnis" is "sneeze (noun),"
"fnisa" is "to sneeze (verb)." Generally, other nouns tend to end in
consonants, but not necessarily, so "eka" ["widow"].

'''4b.''' Nouns denoting agents are formed from verb stems by dropping the
final vowel and adding -is. So "grima" ["to bite"] can be transformed into
"grimis" ["biter"], "frake" ["to destroy"] into "frakis" ["destroyer"].
NOTE: Not all nouns that end in -is are of this origin.

'''4c.''' Nouns denoting implements can be formed similarly with the suffix -il.
So "skova" ["to push"] becomes "skovil" ["an implement to push," i.e. "a
shovel"], "delva" ["to dig"] becomes "delvil" ["an implement to dig,
spade"].
NOTE: Not all nouns that end in -il are of this origin.

'''4d.''' Abstracts in -ur. So "kachur" ["quantity," lit. "muchness"] from
"kach" ["much"].

'''4e.''' Diminutives in -li and -ili. So "munar" ["mouth"] becomes "munarli"
["kiss," lit. "little mouth"]. This is added after changes are made for
plurals. Another common form of the diminutive is to reduplicate the first
consonant of the word (not counting h if followed immediately by another
consonant) and the first vowel. So "lehlek" ["small chain"] from hlek and
"sested" ["little town"] from sted. H in SH, CH etc. does not appear in the
reduplication. "kakhal" ["pebble"] from khal.

'''4f.''' The suffix -red = group. So stedis = "towner, citizen" stedred =
"citizenry"

'''4g.''' Nouns change form only to indicate singular and plural forms and for
no other reason. Some nouns change an internal vowel to reflect the
distinction [cf. man vs. men in Common], some add a suffix [cf. cat vs.
cats] and some make no change at all [cf. deer vs. deer].

'''4h.''' The vowel of the next-to-last syllable of a simple word determines the
class into which the word falls. If the word has only one syllable, it's
vowel determines the class.

If that vowel is an A vowel, it changes to the corresponding E vowel. So
"sklar" ["color"] becomes "skler" ["colors"], "mawrdh" ["murder"]
becomes "mewrdh" ["murders"] and "akhawa" ["lake"] becomes "akhewa"
["lakes"].

If that vowel is an O vowel, it becomes the corresponding I vowel. So
"droten" ["slave, subject"] becomes "driten" ["slaves, subjects"], "sowk"
["crime"] becomes "siwk" ["crimes"], and so on.

If that vowel is an I or E vowel or AE, it remains unchanged, but the
suffix -ren is added to the end of the word. If the word already ends in -r,
then only an -n is added. So "twiv" ["doubt"] becomes "twivren"
["doubts"], "ferar" ["side"] becomes "ferarn" ["sides"] and "iik" ["oak"]
becomes "iikren" ["oaks"].

If that vowel is a U vowel, it remains unchanged and no suffix is added.
So "thugur" ["emotion"] and "thugur" ["emotions"].

VOWEL Changes To Suffix Added
A, AA, AW E, EE, EW (none)
O, OO, OW I, II, IW (none)
I, II, IW, E, EE, EW, AE (No change) -ren
U, UU, UW (No change) (none)

'''4i.''' All words that end in the suffixes -il and -is form their plurals by
adding -ren and making no change to the vowel. See above, 4b and 4c.

'''4j.''' In a compound word the last word that makes up the compound
determines the plural class. So "staanwrit" ["stonemason"] becomes
"staanwritren" ["stonemasons"], not "steenwrit." "Okiskart" ["oxcart"]
becomes "okiskert," not "ikiskart" or "okiskertren." In the first example,
the last element is "writ," in the second it is "kart," and their appropriate
plurals ("writren" and "kert") determine the plural for the whole
compound. There are a few compound words which have lost the force of
being compounds and are illogically made plural according to the standard
rules, but these are relatively few.

==5. ADJECTIVES ==
'''5a.''' Comparatives are formed with "mag," such as "mag har" ["higher," lit.
"more high"]. Superlatives with "magast," so "magast har" ["highest," lit.
"most high"].

'''5b.''' Adjectives can be formed from most nouns by suffixing -ik (after
removing final vowels if necessary), so "gulth" ["gold'] can be made
"gulthik" ["golden"]; but not all adjectives necessarily end in -ik and many
are indistinguishable from nouns based on form. This process is
reinforced by the fact that most nouns can be readily used as adjectives.

'''5c.''' Nouns ending in -il and -is (denoting tools and people/animals
respectively) simply replace the final consonant with k to form adjectives.
So "okis" ["cow"] can be transformed into "okik" ["bovine"].

==6. ADVERBS ==
'''6a.''' Adverbs are formed from adjectives (and occasionally from nouns) by
appending the suffix -gig (or -ig after words ending in -g or -k or some
long consonantal clusters).

'''6b.''' Comparison of adverb is like that of adjectives (see 5a).

==7. PRONOUNS ==
'''7a.''' The personal pronouns are as follows:

1st person singular - ag ["I/me"]
2nd person singular - darg ["you"]
3rd person singular masculine - en ["he/him"]
3rd person singular feminine - til ["she/her"]
3rd person singular neuter - aal ["it"]
1st person plural - vir ["we/us"]
2nd person plural - derg ["you"]
3rd person plural - enren ["they/them"]

'''7b.''' There are two archaic forms which are found in older texts. They are:
3rd person plural feminine - tilren ["they (i.e., those females)/them"]
3rd person plural neuter - eel ["they (i.e., those things)/them"]
"Tilren" and "eel" have generally dropped out of use, "enren," which was
originally only the masculine 3rd person plural pronoun, is now used in all
cases.

'''7c.''' The personal relative pronouns are "gwen" ["who/whom"] and "gwal"
["what, which"], the former having an animate or personified antecedent,
the latter an inanimate one. There is no separate genitive form
corresponding to Common "whose." Rather, one simply uses "ut gwen."

'''7d.''' The interrogative personal pronouns (and adjectives) are identical to
the relative personal pronouns, so "Gwen?" ["Who?"], "Gwal?"
["What?"], "Ut Gwen?" ["Whose?"], etc.

'''7e.''' The intensive personal pronouns are formed by prefixing tos- to the
personal pronouns. So "tosag" ["I myself, me myself"], "tosdar" ["you
yourself, you yourself"], etc. The appropriate form can also follow a
noun, for instance, "Kertigen tosen..." ["Kertigen himself..."].

'''7f.''' The reflexive pronouns (which refer back to the subject of the
sentence) of all but the third person plural are formed by suffixing -tos to
the personal pronouns: "agtos" ["myself"], "dartos" ["yourself"], etc. The
reflexive pronoun of "enren" is the irregular "entros." [The archaic
feminine "tiltros" is also found.]

'''7g.''' The definite article has a single form: "sa."

'''7h.''' The indefinite article has a single form: "nin."

'''7i.''' The demonstrative pronouns "hin" ["this"] and "dath" ["that"] are also
used as adjectives. Similarly used is what one grammarian termed the
"impatient demonstrative" "hindath" which can be translated either "this"
or "that" depending on the context, but which implies that the listener
knows (or more precisely, should know) to what the speaker refers.

'''7j.''' The indefinite pronouns "stundan" ["someone"] and "stundil"
["something"] contain the prefix "stund-" which appears also in the
adjective "stundik" ["some"]. It is not, however, a productive prefix
otherwise and, in fact, originally meant something like "occasion,
occurrence."

==8. PREPOSITIONS ==
'''8a.''' The most common prepositions in Haakish are: 
aft - after 
aftar - behind 
anfar - upon 
at - to 
atvard - toward 
bi(n) - concerning 
du(n) - against 
endan - contrary to 
faar - from 
far - above) 
fawr - by 
ga(n) - in 
ganat - into 
hind - on behalf of 
hnuur - around 
indal - beyond 
khil - according to 
knar - off 
mit - through 
nak - near 
suun - with 
svot - on 
thand - owing to, thanks to, on account of, etc. 
uf - under 
ufar - over 
und - up 
ut - of 
vut - at 

'''8b.''' The prepositions bi, du and ga have the forms bin, dun and gan before
words beginning with a vowel.

'''8c.''' The definite and indefinite articles are commonly omitted after a
preposition. So "ga sa drift" and "ga drift" are both acceptable for "in the
gallery," though nothing but context will tell one whether "ga drift"
represents "ga sa drift" or "ga nin drift."

'''8d.''' All of the prepositions can also, where appropriate, be used as
adverbs: "En vare nak," "He is near" and "En vare nak hol," "He is near
the cave." Likewise in compound verbs: "Til attika atmaarg," "She will
arrive tomorrow," from "at" ("to") and "tika" ("come"). Compare "Aal
dweere nak dath stad," ("It stood near that place"), "Aal dweere nak," ("It
stood nearby") and "Aal nakdweere, ("It stood nearby," literally, "It near-
stood.").

Speaking Haakish, Volume 1 (book) - Revision history

ISHARON at 22:00, 17 October 2013

Maintenance script at 18:29, 10 May 2008

Maintenance script: Book:RxxSH1 moved to Speaking Haakish, Volume 1 (book)

Maintenance script at 15:38, 22 November 2007

Maintenance script: New page: ==Speaking Haakish, Volume I == Index 1. Alphabet and Phonology 2. Pronunciation 3. Accent 4. Nouns 5. Adjectives 6. Adverbs 7. Pronouns 8. Prepositio...

Maintenance script: New page: ==Speaking Haakish, Volume I == Index 1. Alphabet and Phonology
2. Pronunciation
3. Accent
4. Nouns
5. Adjectives
6. Adverbs
7. Pronouns
8. Prepositio...